Joint Forest Management-a Review free essay sample

Joint Forest Management Joint Forest Management  often abbreviated as  JFM  is the official and popular term in  India  for partnerships in  forest  management  involving both the state forest departments and local communities. Joint Forest Management (JFM) programme in the present form can be traced to the Arabari experiment initiated by foresters in the state of West Bengal. This experiment provided a strong feedback for incorporation of the system in the National Forest Policy of 1988. In many locations people’s voluntary groups were engaged in protection of forests without any initiative from the Government. Subsequently, based on the experience, the process of institutionalizing people’s participation in forest protection and regeneration began. This type of collective endeavour in protection and management of forests through people’s involvement was later termed as Joint Forest Management. The objectives of JFM 1. To elicit active participation of villagers in (a) creation (b) management and (c)  protection of plantations; 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Joint Forest Management-a Review or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To achieve ecological needs consonant with sustainable productivity of wood and other  non-timber forest resources ; 3. To wean away the land owning communities from shifting cultivation by adopting an  alternative i. . Tree Farming ; 4. To productively utilise the degraded jhumland thereby checking soil erosion; 5. To conserve Biodiversity through people’s action ; 6. To create and generate forest –based economy for the villagers  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Merits of JFM †¢ Fuel wood in the form of dry and fallen twigs and leaves from the forests is now available to participating communities. The proportion of the harvest that goes to the communities share varies across States. †¢ Some States like Gujarat, Haryana and Punjab have banned grazing completely, other States have allowed for rotational grazing. These practices have helped the regeneration and survival of vegetation in forests, and in increasing supply of fodder grasses. †¢ All NTFP, barring few nationalized products, are now available to the people free of royalty in all states. People have a right to collect even the nationalized products like Kendu leaves, Sal seeds etc. †¢ VFCs are also entitled to a share in the timber harvest in varying proportions. There are provisions for contribution to Village Development Fund from a portion from people’s share from final harvest proceedings. There has been a significant shift in the labour utilization patterns in communities across various States owing to the increased supply of fodder and fuelwood, this is more significant with respect to women. †¢ At the state level there are Corporations such as Forest Development Corporations, Forest Industries Development Corporations, etc for marketing of specific forest products and apex agencies like Marketing Federat ions such as Tribal Marketing Federation of India, which organise the marketing of forest products. There are co-operatives of the forest gatherers such as Girijan Co-operative Societies as in Andhra Pradesh. †¢ In case of timber marketing, provisions in the JFM resolutions and government regulations require the VFCs to take permission from FD for felling and transport of timber and thus, they are unable to get involved in timber marketing. †¢ On an average, 40% of the sites across the four study states showed improvements in the regeneration status owing to protection against biotic pressure, fires and illicit felling; another 20% are showing positive trends. On an average high plant densities were observed in regeneration class at 70% sites and remaining sites had high plant densities in recruitment class. JFM sites that were provided better protection and where the institutions were strong had maximum augmentation of volume and density per hectare in the lowest class owing to better regeneration. †¢ In order to provide incentives to communities for economic returns to sustain forest protection and management efforts, different states are adopting practices for augmenting supply of NTFPs. Improved agriculture is being promoted with the creation of irrigation infrastructure in many states. Status of JFM Programme Government of India on June 1, 1990 issued guidelines to the state governments for involving local communities in the protection and development of the degraded forests. Based on this,the JFM programme has now been widely adopted in twenty two states of the country. These states are Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Jammu Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. As per information received by the Ministry from the various State Governments as on 1. 1. 2000, there are 36130 JFM Committees managing 10,248,586. 41 ha. of forests under the JFM programme in these 22 states of the country. The primary objective of JFM is to provide a visible role to the local communities in planning, management and protection of forests and to give them a share in the benefits from these forests. On operational parameters, JFM is a concept of developing partnership between forest department and fringe forest user groups on the basis of jointly defined roles and responsibilities. JFM in India is gradually emerging as a powerful tool of sustainable forestry. It recognises the livelihood and sustenance needs of the people through the principle of ‘care and share’. The concept of JFM has been interpretted in various ways but the basic element in this concept is to establish grass-root community based institutions for protection and management of the forests. The programme aims at empowering local people for their active participation as partner in the management of forest resources and sharing the benefits derived from its protection and management. The JFM approach optimises the returns, minimises conflicts and links the forestry development works with over all development of the land based resources. It also aims at acquiring technical and managerial capability available at the grassroot level.

California has one of the most diverse societies of the world Essays

California has one of the most diverse societies of the world Essays California has one of the most diverse societies of the world Essay California has one of the most diverse societies of the world Essay Essay Topic: Back in the World Stories Chinatown A great number of ethically different groups are united in its diverse society which is still becoming even more diverse. It is even possible that in future the state wont have a majority ethnic group. For centuries people were arriving here from all over the world: European settlers, Gold Rush, Chinese immigrants in the nineteenth century. Japanese, Mexican, and Asian American groups enriched the states heritage after the immigration law was reformed in 1965. Nowadays Los Angeles and San Francisco metropolitan areas are the primary centres of new immigration.And all these people, people with different backgrounds, different motherlands, different religions, beliefs, moralities and traditions created a great country we call America, and a unique state in it California. Through the years people like me, people who came here from other world countries were actually creating a new culture, a mix of cultures of the whole earth. People define themselves through the culture associated wit h their country. A culture is an important piece of identity for each person of the world. With diverse cultures throughout the world, peoples lifestyles vary greatly. America is a unique combination of people because it has a mixture of everyones culture joined as the American culture.Families like mine who came to America in the beginning of the twentieth century did so not because they didnt love their motherland or didnt want to live there. The reason was different: they knew their future in influenced by communistic ideas China would not be so free and bright. From my parents and relatives I have heard stories about the past and the present of China, about its good and bad sides. Sometimes its difficult to understand why they left their homes, their friends and everything they had. At some moments I feel I belong there, to the country where my ancestors lived, to China which we simply left instead of living, working and fighting for its prosperity and well-being. Sometimes I fe el we are traitors who just let it go and ran away to look for a place where it is easier to survive and live. But having thought more about it I realized that America was a dream. I understood that It wasnt an easy step, however, to leave China. People clearly understood that life in America was going to be a battle for survival. America didnt want our immigrant ancestors. They had to live in cellars and shanties because of poverty and because for some reason they were considered bad for the neighbourhood. These living conditions bred sickness and early death. Their brogue and dress provoked ridicule; their poverty and illiteracy provoked scorn.Actually the Chinese people came when California needed people to work. The country was growing and it needed men able to do all the heavy work of building bridges, canals, and railroads. It was hard and dangerous work but desperation drove foreigners to these jobs.Not only men worked, but women too. They worked as chamber maids, cooks, and children caretakers. Early Americans disdained this type of work, fit only for servants.But not only the Chinese were coming to California. Many people in California came from Mexico or other parts of Latin America, some are from Asian nations. For example, there was time when Mexican workers passed freely over the border each season to work in the Southwest of the state.Today illegal Mexican workers live in a fear being deported and dont seek social services (the only exceptions are emergency medical care and primary education). Its no coincidence that California recently passed a law requiring medical care providers and schools to deny services to illegal immigrants those are the only two social services they use (in spite of the contributions they make to the economy), because those 2 are the only ones theyre willing to risk deportation to use. Justice prevailed a federal court declared the law unconstitutional. (Vernellia R.)Surely, it is sad and you may form a negative opinio n about the state, but do not be too quick, for there is an enormous number of wonderful things, places and opportunities the state may offer to everyone. Californias attraction to immigrants is nothing new. Indeed, the first settlers to join the American Indians in California came not from Western Europe or the United States but from Mexico and Russia. The legacy of these and later immigrants is reflected in the Spanish missions and place names that abound throughout the state, in the Chinatowns and Little Tokyos that have long existed in the states major cities, in the origins of the wineries that spawned one of the states major industries, and in a tradition of farm labourers who have harvested the states abundant agricultural products. Indeed, if the United States can be described as a nation of immigrants, this statement is even more descriptive of California. (McCarthy ; Vernez)Nowadays our state is a mix of many cultures and each of us has some impact on the states developmen t. Personally I am thankful to this majestic land for everything it gave to me, for its freedoms, for our rights and opportunities. I have a great number of them to choose from: I can study at good colleges, I can get a good work, I have freedoms which the country and the state are presenting to me. And I am thankful even for an opportunity to live here and be a part of this nation.Sometimes I remember and think about all those people who many years or even centuries ago came to this land and created California as a state. They have done a great job. Today the state is one of the American cultural, economic, sports, business and political centres. Besides, I admire its rich and varied geography from Central Valley to Sierra Nevada, from Cascade Range to Tehachapi Mountains.In our state one can freely choose the religion he prefers to follow and have a plenty of opportunities to show ones talents working at Hollywood, for example. It is actually one of the many places of interest Ca lifornia may offer to visit to curious tourists. And not only to tourists: I also with pleasure visit the beautiful cities. Los Angeles, San Francisco, Long Beach They all are different and unique, each has its character, each attracts differently, but there would be no California without such places and, of course, without people living here.The states economy is one of the seven largest economies in the USA and it still continues to benefit from immigration. However, the magnitude of current flows and the disproportionate share of poorly educated immigrants combined with ongoing changes in the states economy have increased the costs of immigration to the states public sector and to some native-born workers. The state faces a growing challenge as it attempts to integrate these new immigrants while also trying to promote the welfare of the state and all its residents.Surely, California had many problems connected with new people coming to the state, but this has many good sides as well. People like me, people from all over the world came here, created and shaped the state and its culture, became Americans. We all are of different origins; we used to speak different languages. Each of us has own unique and complicated story and reasons which lead us here. What is in my opinion great about this state is that here we are not Chinese or Russian, Mexican or Iris, here we are Americans. And we should always remember that all of us are very different, but we should respect and understand it, for today we are a one united nation.

Writing assignment reports Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Writing assignment reports - Research Paper Example Changes that have been characteristic of the jet engine will also be highlighted, owing to the dynamism of technology over time. Another thing that this report will try to assert is the suitability of the engine in its use, considering its efficiency, cost of use and operation. The consideration of the specific parts of the jet engine is the basis through which the required study can be done in order to ascertain what this report is all about. A jet engine is one interesting machine to study and compute a report on. Air is sucked into the front of the engine by a fan. From there, air’s pressure is heightened by the use of a compressor. This is achieved by the presence of blades within the compressor. The blades found in the compressor are responsible for the increased air pressure within the compressor. After compression has taken place, fuel is introduced in the chamber, and an electric spark used to ignite the mixture. Burning of the mixture consequently makes the constituent gases expand. The blazing mixture blasts out of this chamber through a nozzle that is found at the rear part of the engine. The blasts of gas at the rear of the engine triggers forward move of the aircraft (Klaus 108). All the chambers identified in this discussion are connec ted and given below as an example of the jet engine. The operation ability of the jet engine is purely based on the equal and opposite concept of reaction by Isaac Newton. This is what Isaac Newton referred to as thrust. Gases released through the exhaust after combustion of fuel and the compressed air further finds another role in the process of being emitted. A propeller that is an attachment of the turbine shaft is rotated by the gases for the purposes of fuel consumption saving when the aircraft is at low altitudes. A jet engine is light in weight and also powerful in terms of its propelling force. It is also preferred for